Free Mathematics Books list of freely available math textbooks, monographs, lecture notes, and other documents. I celebrate myself, and sing myself, And what I assume you shall assume, For every atom belonging to me as good belongs to you. I loafe and invite my soul. Jamshedpur Research Review. ISSN 23202750. Year III Vol. III Issue XI. Editorial Board Dr. Mithilesh Kr Choubey Editor in Chief Dr. P. Venugopal Associate. Carsoft English Files more. Coordinates. The United States of America USA, commonly known as the United States U. S. or America m r k, is a federal republic composed of. Tuberculosis Wikipedia. Tuberculosis. Synonyms. Phthisis, phthisis pulmonalis, consumption. Chest X ray of a person with advanced tuberculosis Infection in both lungs is marked by white arrow heads, and the formation of a cavity is marked by black arrows. Specialty. Infectious disease, pulmonology. Symptoms. Chronic cough, fever, blood in the sputum, weight loss1Causes. Mycobacterium tuberculosis1Risk factors. Computer-Graphics-By-Plastock-2nd-Edition-Book-9780070601659-Front-Cover.jpg' alt='Tata Mcgraw Hill Reasoning Book Pdf' title='Tata Mcgraw Hill Reasoning Book Pdf' />Smoking, HIVAIDS1Diagnostic method. CXR, culture, tuberculin skin test1Similar conditions. Necrotizing pneumonia, histoplasmosis, sarcoidosis, coccidioidomycosis2Treatment. Antibiotics1Frequency. Deaths. 1. 3 million 2. Tuberculosis TB is an infectious disease usually caused by the bacterium Mycobacterium tuberculosis MTB. Tuberculosis generally affects the lungs, but can also affect other parts of the body. Most infections do not have symptoms, in which case it is known as latent tuberculosis. About 1. The classic symptoms of active TB are a chronic cough with blood containingsputum, fever, night sweats, and weight loss. The historical term consumption came about due to the weight loss. Infection of other organs can cause a wide range of symptoms. Tuberculosis is spread through the air when people who have active TB in their lungs cough, spit, speak, or sneeze. People with latent TB do not spread the disease. Active infection occurs more often in people with HIVAIDS and in those who smoke. Diagnosis of active TB is based on chest X rays, as well as microscopic examination and culture of body fluids. Diagnosis of latent TB relies on the tuberculin skin test TST or blood tests. Prevention of TB involves screening those at high risk, early detection and treatment of cases, and vaccination with the bacillus Calmette Gurin vaccine. Those at high risk include household, workplace, and social contacts of people with active TB. Treatment requires the use of multiple antibiotics over a long period of time. Antibiotic resistance is a growing problem with increasing rates of multiple drug resistant tuberculosis MDR TB. One third of the worlds population is thought to be infected with TB. New infections occur in about 1 of the population each year. In 2. 01. 6, there were more than 1. TB which resulted in 1. This makes it the number one cause of death from an infectious disease. More than 9. India, China, Indonesia, Pakistan and the Philippines. The number of new cases each year has decreased since 2. About 8. 0 of people in many Asian and African countries test positive while 51. I/51rlxXiMjcL.jpg' alt='Tata Mcgraw Hill Reasoning Book Pdf' title='Tata Mcgraw Hill Reasoning Book Pdf' />United States population tests positive by the tuberculin test. Tuberculosis has been present in humans since ancient times. Signs and symptoms. The main symptoms of variants and stages of tuberculosis are given,1. Multiple variants may be present simultaneously. Tuberculosis may infect any part of the body, but most commonly occurs in the lungs known as pulmonary tuberculosis. Extrapulmonary TB occurs when tuberculosis develops outside of the lungs, although extrapulmonary TB may coexist with pulmonary TB. General signs and symptoms include fever, chills, night sweats, loss of appetite, weight loss, and fatigue. Significant nail clubbing may also occur. Pulmonary. If a tuberculosis infection does become active, it most commonly involves the lungs in about 9. Symptoms may include chest pain and a prolonged cough producing sputum. About 2. 5 of people may not have any symptoms i. Ango A. Matematika dlja elektro i radioinzhenerov Nauka, 1965ruT779sMC. М Baerwolff G. Hoehere Mathematik fuer Naturwissenschaftler und. UNIVERSITY OF PUNE COURSE STRUCTURE FOR BACHELOR OF BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION B. B. A. 1. Title The degree shall be titled as Bachelor of Business Administration B. B. Occasionally, people may cough up blood in small amounts, and in very rare cases, the infection may erode into the pulmonary artery or a Rasmussens aneurysm, resulting in massive bleeding. Tuberculosis may become a chronic illness and cause extensive scarring in the upper lobes of the lungs. The upper lung lobes are more frequently affected by tuberculosis than the lower ones. The reason for this difference is not clear. It may be due to either better air flow,1. In 1. 52. 0 of active cases, the infection spreads outside the lungs, causing other kinds of TB. These are collectively denoted as extrapulmonary tuberculosis. Extrapulmonary TB occurs more commonly in immunosuppressed persons and young children. In those with HIV, this occurs in more than 5. Notable extrapulmonary infection sites include the pleura in tuberculous pleurisy, the central nervous system in tuberculous meningitis, the lymphatic system in scrofula of the neck, the genitourinary system in urogenital tuberculosis, and the bones and joints in Pott disease of the spine, among others. Spread to lymph nodes is the most common. An ulcer originating from nearby infected lymph nodes may occur and is painless, slowly enlarging and has an appearance of wash leather. When it spreads to the bones, it is known as osseous tuberculosis,2. A potentially more serious, widespread form of TB is called disseminated tuberculosis, also known as miliary tuberculosis. Miliary TB currently makes up about 1. Causes. Mycobacteria. The main cause of TB is Mycobacterium tuberculosis MTB, a small, aerobic, nonmotile bacillus. The high lipid content of this pathogen accounts for many of its unique clinical characteristics. It divides every 1. Mycobacteria have an outer membrane lipid bilayer. If a Gram stain is performed, MTB either stains very weakly Gram positive or does not retain dye as a result of the high lipid and mycolic acid content of its cell wall. MTB can withstand weak disinfectants and survive in a dry state for weeks. In nature, the bacterium can grow only within the cells of a host organism, but M. Using histological stains on expectorated samples from phlegm also called sputum, scientists can identify MTB under a microscope. Since MTB retains certain stains even after being treated with acidic solution, it is classified as an acid fast bacillus. The most common acid fast staining techniques are the ZiehlNeelsen stain2. Kinyoun stain, which dye acid fast bacilli a bright red that stands out against a blue background. Auramine rhodamine staining3. The M. tuberculosis complex MTBC includes four other TB causing mycobacteria M. M. africanum, M. canetti, and M. M. africanum is not widespread, but it is a significant cause of tuberculosis in parts of Africa. M. bovis was once a common cause of tuberculosis, but the introduction of pasteurized milk has almost completely eliminated this as a public health problem in developed countries. M. canetti is rare and seems to be limited to the Horn of Africa, although a few cases have been seen in African emigrants. M. microti is also rare and is seen almost only in immunodeficient people, although its prevalence may be significantly underestimated. Other known pathogenic mycobacteria include M. M. avium, and M. kansasii. The latter two species are classified as nontuberculous mycobacteria NTM. NTM cause neither TB nor leprosy, but they do cause pulmonary diseases that resemble TB. Risk factors. A number of factors make people more susceptible to TB infections. The most important risk factor globally is HIV 1. TB are infected by the virus. This is a particular problem in sub Saharan Africa, where rates of HIV are high. Of people without HIV who are infected with tuberculosis, about 51. HIV develop the active disease. Tuberculosis is closely linked to both overcrowding and malnutrition, making it one of the principal diseases of poverty.